|
This is a list of organizations opposing mainstream science by frequently contradicting the facts and conclusions recognized by the mainstream scientific community. By falsely claiming to employ the scientific method in order to advance certain fringe ideas and theories, they are engaged in the promotion of various forms of pseudoscience. == List of organizations == * Academy of Nations - In the 1920s the engineer and anti-relativity activist Arvid Reuterdahl and his associates founded a society called "The Academy of Nations", which was "a group of scientists and engineers... with the ostensible objective of fighting the specialization of the different branches of science so as to achieve an overall unity and uniformity of all of science. But the leading participants in this endeavor had an ulterior motive: they believed in daft pseudoscientific theories of their own..."〔Ohanian, Hans, "Einstein's Mistakes, the Failings of Genius" p. 279, 2009.〕 Reuterdahl presented his objections to relativity in newspaper articles with headlines such as "Einstein Branded Barnum of Science", and "Minnesota Man Calls Relativity Bunk". In 1921 Ernst Gehrcke founded a German branch of the Academy of Nations, which promoted the publication of articles disputing relativity.〔Ohanian, Hans, "Einstein's Mistakes, the Failings of Genius" 2009.〕 * Association for Neuro Linguistic Programming - a United Kingdom organization founded to promote neuro-linguistic programming. * Biodynamic Farming & Gardening Association - a United States-based company that promotes biodynamic agriculture systems. * "Crisis in Cosmology" Conferences - in a 2007 article in Cosmos Magazine, Bryan Gaensler, a professor of physics at the University of Sydney, says “there has just begun a new series of conferences, held by anti-relativity cranks, called ‘Crisis in Cosmology’. I think the first one was held in Spain (2005 ) and they’re planning another (was held in Vancouver in 2007 ). It looks exactly like a legitimate scientific conference, with the difference that everyone delivering a talk there is insane.” According to Gaensler, the conference planners sent out invitations to him and hundreds of other physicists. “Before registering, you had to fill out this 10-point, bulleted manifesto, agreeing to all sorts of propositions from the start. For example, ‘I do not accept that the universe is expanding’, and so on, the kind of thing you would never see at a real scientific conference. It was hilarious.”〔Farrell, John, "Was Einstein a Fake", Cosmos Magazine, 2007.〕 * Creation Research Society - promotes creation science since the 1950s. * Discovery Institute - founded in 1990, promotes Intelligent Design. * Edinburgh Phrenological Society - founded in 1820, the society was influential in its time, helping popularize the concept of phrenology in the 19th century. The last recorded meeting took place in 1870.〔 * Flat Earth Society - an organization which aims to further the idea that the Earth is flat instead of an oblate spheroid. The modern organization was founded by Englishman Samuel Shenton in 1956 and was later led by Charles K. Johnson, who based the organization in his home in Lancaster, California. The formal society was inactive after Johnson’s death in 2001 but was resurrected in 2004 by its new president Daniel Shenton. * Institute for Creation Research, promoting a religious worldview in contradiction to current knowledge of evolutionary biology. * John Chappell Natural Philosophy Society - the spin-off of the Natural Philosophy Alliance. * National Association for Research & Therapy of Homosexuality - an organization that offers conversion therapy and other treatments that purport to change the sexual orientation of individuals who experience unwanted same-sex attraction. The organization disagrees with the holding of the world's major mental health organizations that homosexuality is not a disorder. * National Institute for Discovery Science - the National Institute for Discovery Science (NIDSci) was a privately financed research organization based in Las Vegas, Nevada, USA, and operated from 1995 to 2004. It was founded in 1995 by real-estate developer Robert Bigelow, who set it up to research and advance serious study of various fringe science, and paranormal topics, most notably ufology.〔Dorio Mark (2005) "Ufology: A Very Short Introduction", Trafford Publishing, ISBN 1-4120-6473-2〕 Deputy Administrator Colm Kelleher was quoted as saying the organization was not designed to study UFO's only. "We don't study aliens, we study anomalies. They're the same thing in a lot of people's minds, but not in our minds." * Natural Philosophy Alliance - an organization that advocates the position that some ideas thought well-settled in contemporary science (particularly physics and cosmology) are fundamentally flawed.〔 (Archived version as of 13 April 2014)〕 At its peak, the NPA had hundreds of members who worked to discredit such ideas as general and special relativity, quantum theory, the Big Bang, and plate tectonics. However, as a result of internal dissension and fragmentation, it is now a much smaller organization.NPA was founded in 1994 by John E. Chappell Jr., a historian and anti-relativity activist. Since the beginning of 2014, the organization has been engaged in a dispute with former members who left the group due to disagreements over the NPA's direction, database of articles, and finances. This group that left has re-banded as the John Chappell Natural Philosophy Society, seen below. Both sides have posted their versions of the nature and details of the dispute on competing websites.〔(【引用サイトリンク】title=Statement by the NPA Board of Directors regarding recent controversy )〕〔(【引用サイトリンク】title=Letter from NPA Membership for Resignations )〕 According to Chappell faction, prior to the departure of most members due to the dispute, the NPA counted 850 people as members, 132 of whom paid dues.〔 However, the current NPA accuses this group of having listed people as "members" against their will, and has vowed to discontinue this practice.〔 NPA hosted a database, now hosted on the web site World Science Database. Margaret Wertheim, an NPA member and friend and associate of one of its founding members (Jim Carter, inventor of the fringe theory of circlons),〔()〕 speculated in a 2012 essay that much of the interest in this area is a response to the heavy mathematical content and abstract ideas underlying conventional scientific theories, which, she says, makes them inaccessible to the general public.〔(Outsider physicists and the oh-my-god particle )", published 24 December 2011 in ''New Scientist''〕 She compares NPA with the revolt of Martin Luther against the Catholic church.〔〔〔 However, journalist John Horgan, a friend of Wertheim's, reported that "When () attended an NPA meeting... it reminded her of an experiment in which three schizophrenic patients, each of whom believed he was Christ, were introduced to each other... Each concluded that the others were crazy. Watching presenters at the NPA meeting, Wertheim comments, was like 'watching thirty Jesus Christs.'”〔(Scientific American, John Horgan, "In Physics, Telling Cranks from Experts Ain’t Easy", December 11, 2011. )〕 * Noah's Ark Zoo Farm - a zoo near Bristol, UK, that incorporates its belief in Creationism in its educational material about animals. * Parapsychological Association - founded in 1957, the organization's purpose was "to advance parapsychology as a science, to disseminate knowledge of the field, and to integrate the findings with those of other branches of science." * Study Group of German Scientists for the Preservation of Pure Science - This "ragtag but mysteriously well-funded" organization was formed by the German engineer (and later convicted con man) Paul Weyland in 1920, for the purpose of discrediting Einstein's theory of relativity. It is unclear if the organization ever had any actual members other than its founder. Ernst Gehrcke participated in the group meeting organized by Weyland and held in the Berlin's Philharmonic Hall on Aug 24, 1920. Einstein dubbed the organization "the Anti-relativity Company, Ltd."〔Isaacson, Walter, "Einstein, His Life and Universe", 2008.〕 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「List of organizations opposing mainstream science」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
|